How much an ant can see depends on its size. Flickr/photochem PA, CC BY

Look around your home or garden, or while out for a walk in the bush, and you’ll soon find plenty of ants of all shapes and sizes making their way around the place.

But how do ants detect and detour around obstacles, especially when they are finding food alone and not in a trail?

Our recent study, published in the Journal of Experimental Biology, has an interesting answer to that.

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Read more: How ants walk backwards carrying a heavy load and still find home

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Looking through ant eyes

Ants’ eyes are not like ours. Ants have compound eyes with many units, called ommatidia. Their eyes look like an array of LEDs you’d see in a traffic light (except in a dome shape).

Each ommatidium sees one point in space so the whole eye sees one image but different portions of it.

Mosaic vision of compound eye.

But ants cannot see the world at the same resolution as we do. Their world is blurrier than ours.

One way to know this is to count the number and diameter of facets (ommatidia) in their eyes. This is done by spreading a thin layer of transparent nail polish over a dead ant’s eye and peeling it off once it dries.

The replica of the eye can be flattened by making cuts at suitable places and taking a picture of it to count the facets and estimate their spatial acuity (the best resolution at which they can visually perceive something).

A nail polish replica of a bull ant’s eye. Ravindra Palavalli-Nettimi, Author provided

Given their blurry vision, it is remarkable that ants can still carry out various tasks such as navigation in a complex terrain.

Imagine finding your way out of a thick jungle where everything looks blurry. And the bad news for ants is that the problem gets worse the smaller they get.

A simulation of an ant’s eye vision. Trevor Murray, Author provided

When things get smaller

Ants vary dramatically in size. There are big ants, such as Australia’s Bull ants that can range from 8mm to 40mm, and then there are the tiny 1.5mm electric ants, which are currently an invasive problem in Queensland.

Fire ant species vary in size even within the same colony.

With the evolution of small body size, further reduction is not possible without affecting the normal functioning of the animal owing to design limitations. It’s a common phenomenon, called miniaturisation.

Miniature ants have smaller eyes and fewer ommatidia. This also means that they have blurrier vision (less spatial acuity) than bigger ants.

Yet all ants — big or small — face similar challenges when they are out looking for food and navigating back home. So does miniaturisation affect their visual navigation ability?

Obstacle detection and avoidance

Ants encounter many obstacles when navigating. These obstacles can block the views that the ants may be using to find their way home.

So the ants need to be able to detect and detour around these obstacles. Doing so will also reduce the time each ant spends in the harsh environment outside the nest.

To test whether miniaturisation affects this ability, we kept an obstacle in the path of homing ants that were trained to a sugar solution feeder. These ants use visual cues for navigation rather than relying on chemical trails.

Obstacle avoidance in an ant.

We found that the smaller ants with fewer ommatidia in their eyes can only detour when they are much closer to the obstacle when compared to bigger ants with more ommatidia.

On average, we found that bigger ants detour when they are 17cm away from the obstacle, as opposed to 5cm for the smaller ants. The bigger ants also look away from the nest direction earlier in their paths than the smaller ants with fewer ommatidia.

This suggests that ants with smaller eyes can detect objects only when they are closer to them.

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So being miniature can affect certain visual navigation abilities. Still, the smaller ants did not collide with the obstacle.

Graphical summary of the study showing the size variation in ants and how that affects their ability to detect obstacle from far. Ravindra Palavalli-Nettimi, Author provided

Miniaturisation is quite common among insects, and the obstacle avoidance behaviour has implications on navigation for both walking insects such as ants, flying insects such as bees, even for collective food transport and animal cognition.

Obstacle avoidance during collective food carrying in ants.

While our study highlights the evolutionary costs of being miniature, ants can be a inspiration for artificial vision technology such as the insect camera.

Knowing how ants can navigate using minimal visual information about their surroundings can help in designing efficient navigation technology. This may even help guide research in robotic vision.

Ravindra Palavalli Nettimi receives funding from Macquarie University.